The term "sculpture" is often used mainly to describe large works, which are sometimes called monumental sculpture, meaning either or both of sculpture that is large, or that is attached to a building.
Open air Buddhist rock reliefs at the Longmen Grottoes, China
Techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work many of these allow the production of several copies. Relief sculpture may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, often also containing inscriptions.Īnother basic distinction is between subtractive carving techniques, which remove material from an existing block or lump, for example of stone or wood, and modelling techniques which shape or build up the work from the material.
Relief is the usual sculptural medium for large figure groups and narrative subjects, which are difficult to accomplish in the round, and is the typical technique used both for architectural sculpture, which is attached to buildings, and for small-scale sculpture decorating other objects, as in much pottery, metalwork and jewellery. Sunk-relief is a technique restricted to ancient Egypt. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or bas-relief, high relief, and sometimes an intermediate mid-relief. 7.1 19th–early 20th century, early Modernism and continuing realismĪ basic distinction is between sculpture "in the round", free-standing sculpture such as statues, not attached (except possibly at the base) to any other surface, and the various types of relief, which are at least partly attached to a background surface.6.5.1 Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia.Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works. The revival of classical models in the Renaissance produced famous sculptures such as Michelangelo's statue of David. During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in Central and South America and Africa. Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost. Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded or cast. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. The Angel of the North by Antony Gormley, 1998
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